Once enrolled, participants were asked general questions about their sex, race, gender, ethnicity, and treatment history. Research staff, neither of whom were directly involved with implementation at the clinics, were trained in qualitative interviewing methods prior to independently conducting minute semi-structured interviews by telephone. We intended to recruit approximately 12 Vermonters located throughout the state, aiming for geographical spread over the Hub and Spoke coverage area, consistent with suggested interview saturation in homogeneous study populations 24.
Drugs, Health, Addictions & Behaviour – 1st Canadian Edition
- The family systems model takes a closer look at how family dynamics can contribute to and maintain addictive behaviors.
- Third, when categorizing HIV-positive and negative groups in the study, the sample size of female HIV-positive participants was too small, which may have had some impact on the results.
- It integrates biological vulnerability, psychological coping mechanisms, and the social context of substance use.
- Southwest China is a key anti-drug region in China, and Sichuan Province is an important battleground for China’s anti-drug rehabilitation work due to its special geographic location and history.
- In conclusion, the Spiritual Model of addiction offers a valuable perspective on the role of spirituality and existential concerns in the development and maintenance of addictive behaviors.
By embracing this complexity and drawing from multiple perspectives, we can develop more comprehensive, compassionate, and effective approaches to preventing and treating addiction. As we continue to unravel the intricate web of factors that contribute to addiction, we move closer to a future where effective support and recovery are accessible to all who need it. The self-medication hypothesis, proposed by psychiatrist Edward Khantzian, offers yet another integrative perspective.
Individualized care
The study in this paper used LPA to explore the subtypes of self-acceptance among drug addicts in Sichuan Province, China, and then analyzed their influencing factors through multiple logistic regression. Finally, the relationship between each subtype of self-acceptance and subthreshold depression was found using multiple linear regression and Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test. In conclusion, the Spiritual Model of addiction offers a valuable perspective on the role of spirituality and existential concerns in the development and maintenance of addictive behaviors. By emphasizing the importance of spiritual growth and connection in the recovery process, this model provides a unique and complementary approach to understanding and treating addiction. While the Spiritual Model may not resonate with everyone, it can offer a powerful source of support, meaning, and hope for those who find comfort and healing in spiritual practices and beliefs.
- This model posits that addiction results from an individual’s moral failing or weakness of character.
- These theories propose that specific personality characteristics can make someone more likely to develop or struggle with addiction.
- The specific contents of the general information questionnaire include drug types (including traditional drugs such as opium, cannabis, cocaine, ecstasy and new drugs such as nitrous oxide and etomidate), age, years of drug addiction, gender, HIV infection and education level.
- A systems approach allows for the inclusion of psycho-social and socially systemic explanations of addiction, which extend well beyond neurobiology while still interacting with it (Bunge 1991).
- While research of this kind raises important issues about identity, and notions of health and illness, the outcomes have implications for drug policy, health care systems and delivery, and treatment for substance use problems.
Autonomy, therefore, is not adequately defined just by the events in the brain or the “quality” of the decision being made. Many individuals who have serious addictions live in impoverished environments without suitable resources or opportunities. Thus it is the limited option for choice that is one prevailing variable, not only the reduced ability to choose alternatively. Action, subjective experience of action, and consequently responsibility for action is mediated by many factors, including psychological phenomenon such as an individual’s emotional processes. As a point of illustration, Damasio’s (1994) somatic marker hypothesis (SMH) provides a helpful perspective on integrating the neuropsychological domain of decision-making and human interaction with the social environment.
Psycho-Social Systems
The results of the study showed that drug addicts’ self-acceptance could be categorized into five potential categories. Most drug addicts’ self-acceptance levels were at a low to moderate level, which is consistent with the findings of previous studies 45. Tajfel’s social homogeneity theory states that dividing people into two groups can lead to intergroup discrimination and competition 46.
Finding Alternatives to Drug Cultures
We can make this reinterpretation by connecting Engel’s work with the tradition of American pragmatism. Engel initiates inquiry like a pragmatist, he understands theory and philosophy like a pragmatist, he justifies beliefs like a pragmatist, and he understands the world like a pragmatist. By drawing out these similarities, medical and psychiatric scholars can revitalize the biopsychosocial model, and they can open medicine and psychiatry to a rich philosophic heritage and a flourishing interdisciplinary tradition. For example, variations in genes related to the dopamine system—such as the dopamine receptor D2 gene (DRD2)—can affect the brain’s reward system (Deak & Johnson, 2021). Dopamine, often referred to as the “feel-good” neurotransmitter, plays a central role in reinforcing behaviors. When dopamine release is triggered by a substance or behavior, it creates feelings of pleasure and reward, reinforcing the likelihood of repeating the behavior.
Some aspects are universal (e.g., the activation of the reward system by drugs of abuse). Yet many other elements are idiosyncratic, such as the intensity of the experience of reward and the functioning of the individual’s mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway in the brain. The biopsychosocial model provides a means of considering the myriad of factors that can contribute to the risk of addiction. Within the drug addicts group, HIV-negative drug addicts are more likely to show higher self-acceptance than positive patients.
Studies by Chinese scholars have shown that group counseling based on Acceptance a Commitment Therapy (ACT) has a significant effect. This method reduced the depression level of Chinese drug addicts by improving psychological flexibility 86. In addition, drug addicts should be taught coping strategies like seeking support, setting realistic goals, and solving problems. In conclusion, the Psychological Model of addiction sober house offers valuable insight into the role of mental health and cognitive processes in the development and maintenance of addictive behaviors. By addressing the emotional and cognitive factors underlying addiction, treatment approaches informed by this model can support individuals in developing healthier coping strategies and more adaptive beliefs, ultimately promoting lasting recovery.
Beginning with Becker’s (1953) seminal work, research has shown that many commonly abused substances are not automatically experienced as pleasurable by people who use them for the first time (Fekjaer 1994). For instance, many people find the taste of alcoholic beverages disagreeable during their first experience with them, and they only learn to experience these effects as pleasurable over time. Expectations can also be important among people who use drugs; those who have greater expectancies of pleasure typically have a more intense and pleasurable experience. These expectancies may play a part in the development of substance use disorders (Fekjaer 1994; Leventhal and Schmitz 2006).
- All study participants received care in Vermont, a state where 94% of the population identifies as White 50.
- Thus deficiencies in any combination of these neurochemicals may contribute to a predisposition to addiction.
- Participants’ reports that holistic assistance with quality of life and relational goals improves connection to care teams, and is consistent with research on patient perception of OUD nurse care managers 38 and perspectives from pregnant and parenting women receiving MOUD 39.
- Addiction throws a wrench in the works, causing the machine to malfunction and demand more and more of the substance to function.
- Such an approach has its historic justification and has proved effective in the control of massive infectious diseases.
Fourth, the cross-sectional design of this study was unable to capture individual psychological and emotional changes such as in self-acceptance and subthreshold depression. First, the percentage of participants in each category should be kept approximately the same to reduce the error caused by demographic variables and enhance the comparability between groups. Secondly, care should be taken to control for differences in demographic variables, such as age, when adding the general population for comparison. Firstly, it could explore specific strategies for enhancing self-appraisal and self-acceptance among drug addicts through intervention-based studies.
As a result, mainstream culture does not—for the most part—have an accepted role for most types of substance use, unlike many older cultures, which may accept use, for example, as part of specific religious rituals. Thus, people who experiment with drugs in the United States usually do so in highly marginalized social settings, which can contribute to the development of substance use disorders (Wilcox 1998). However, it is essential to recognize that personal responsibility alone is not sufficient for overcoming addiction. Treatment and recovery approaches based on the Moral Model alone may be inadequate, as they do not address the multitude of factors contributing to addiction. For example, solely focusing on an individual’s moral character or willpower may overlook the need for medical interventions, psychological therapy, and https://appsychology.com/living-in-a-sober-house/ social support, which are crucial components of successful addiction treatment.
Teens are especially vulnerable to possible addiction because their brains are not yet fully developed—particularly the frontal regions that help with impulse control and assessing risk. Pleasure circuits in adolescent brains also operate in overdrive, making drug and alcohol use even more rewarding and enticing. To add to that, repeated use of drugs can damage the essential decision-making center at the front of the brain.
